Homeland_security

For the United States Cabinet department, see United States Department of Homeland Security.

For the NBC television movie, see Homeland Security (film).

The term homeland security refers to the broad national effort by all levels of government to protect the territory of the United States from hazards, both internal and external, natural and man-made. The term is also used to refer to the United States Department of Homeland Security itself.

In the United States

In the United States, the concept of "homeland security" extends and recombines responsibilities of much of the executive branch, including the United States National Guard, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the United States Coast Guard, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, the United States Secret Service, and the Transportation Security Administration. The George W. Bush administration has consolidated many of these activities under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), a new cabinet department established as a result of the Homeland Security Act of 2002. However, much of the nation\'s homeland security activity remains outside of DHS; for example, the FBI and CIA are not part of the Department, and other agencies such as the Department of Defense and Department of Health and Human Services play a significant role in certain aspects of homeland security. Homeland security is coordinated at the White House by the Homeland Security Council, currently headed by Frances Townsend.

Homeland security is officially defined by the National Strategy for Homeland Security as "a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America\'s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur".http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/book/index.html Because the U.S. Department of Homeland Security includes the Federal Emergency Management Agency, it also has responsibility for preparedness, response, and recovery to natural disasters.

The term became prominent in the United States following the September 11, 2001 attacks; it had been used only in limited policy circles prior to these attacks. The phrase "security of the American homeland" appears in the 1998 report Catastrophic Terrorism: Elements of a National Policy by Ashton B. Carter, John M. Deutch, and Philip D. Zelikow.

Homeland security is also usually used to connote the civilian aspect of this effort; "homeland defense" refers to its military component, led chiefly by the US Northern Command headquartered in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

The scope of homeland security includes:

• Emergency preparedness and response (for both terrorism and natural disasters), including volunteer medical, police, Emergency Management and fire personnel;
• Domestic intelligence activities, largely today within the FBI;
• Critical infrastructure protection;
• Border security, including both land and maritime borders;
• Transportation security, including aviation and maritime transportation;
• Biodefense;
• Detection of radioactive and radiological materials;
• Research on next-generation security technologies.

Criticism

Homeland security both as a concept and in its application has been criticized on a number of counts, the more prominent of those being:

• Conflicts, real and perceived, exist between the Constitution, textually, and its historical interpretation, on one hand, and laws and procedures implemented as part of "homeland security", most importantly concerning the rights of citizens to privacy and protection from arbitrary searches and seizures.

• Conflicts exist between bodies of international law (ratified by the United States or not) and those applied under "homeland security". Notable among these are :
  • The notion of "unlawful combatant". The United States government has created a new status that would exclude prisoners captured by a military force from coverage under the Geneva Convention. While the United States has only been a signatory to portions of the Geneva Convention, much international law is based upon it. While benefiting from the workings of international laws, the U.S. government should be bound by the documents on which that law rests.
  • Undercover action of agents of the U.S. government in foreign, sovereign countries. Whether with or without the knowledge of the respective foreign governments, this could pose serious legal problems, especially in countries that practice a separation of judicial and administrative systems. Occasionally such undercover agents are held to appear before courts, a situation which the U.S. government would not prefer.

• While the costs of "homeland security" can be estimated with some accuracy, it is inherently impossible to gauge the benefits incurred. There are those who argue that the entire effort is merely to reassure the populace that security will be improved, and thereby offset the intended effect of terrorism.

Outside the United States

Other nations around the world have also reorganized government activities consistent with homeland security. For example, in 2003 Canada created a Ministry of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness led by Deputy Prime Minister Anne McLellan. Many European nations\' homeland security efforts are led by their interior ministries, and they are increasingly coordinating their homeland security activities at the European Commission. The Labor Party in Australia has called for the creation of an Australian Department of Homeland Security, but the Liberal Party-led government had opposed this move but now labor is in power the plan has been scraped. Similarly, the Conservative Party opposition in the United Kingdom has called for the creation of a Department of Homeland Security.http://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story.page&obj_id=128321

See also

• Airport security
• Airport security repercussions due to the September 11, 2001 attacks
• Brian Michael Jenkins
• Civil defense
• Integrative Center for Homeland Security
• Harvey E. Johnson, Jr. - United States Coast Guard
• High policing
• Michael Chertoff
• National Incident Management System
• National Response Plan
• National security
• Port security
• Tom Ridge
• Supply Chain Security
• United States Civil Defense
• USA PATRIOT Act

References

External links

• The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security
• HLSWatch.com: Homeland Security Watch policy and current events resource
• Rudy Giuliani, \'The Resilient Society,\' City Journal, Winter 2008
• HS Daily Wire
• U.S. National Strategy for Homeland Security
• Homeland Security: A Selected Bibliography
• Congressional Research Service (CRS) reports on homeland security
• Government Accountability Office (GAO) reports on homeland security
• Comprehensive homeland security links (USAF Air War College site)
• Canadian Ministry of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness
• Homeland Security Institute weekly bulletin
• Homeland Security Affairs
• HSToday
• Homeland Security Weekly
• National Terror Alert Response Center
• H.S. Television (HSTV)

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